Turkey’s unique geography has made it a crossroads of civilisations for thousands of years. It is a land where East meets West, a bridge between continents and cultures where every stone tells a story of millennia past. From the world’s first cities to the grand capitals of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires, its soil is layered with the remnants of humanity’s greatest achievements.
Imagine yourself standing in a Roman theatre where gladiators once fought, or gazing upon the world's oldest temple. This is a journey for more than just a tourist. It’s an adventure for those who seek to connect with the human story on a profound level. It is not just about visiting ruins; it is about witnessing the birth of settled life, the rise of great empires, and the spread of new religions.
For Indonesian travellers, Turkey offers an unparalleled opportunity to walk in the footsteps of ancient kings, philosophers, and traders, all while experiencing the warmth and hospitality of a modern nation. This guide is your key to unlocking the country's most iconic archaeological sites, offering a route that weaves through history, culture, and breathtaking landscapes.
We’ve curated routes that ensure you experience the very best of Turkey's historical treasures. You can choose a classic journey, a historic tour, or a more adventurous one, depending on your time and interests.
Your journey begins in Istanbul, the only city in the world that straddles two continents. Before you head to the ancient sites, immerse yourself in the city's vast historical tapestry. A visit to the Istanbul Archaeology Museums is the perfect starting point. Here, you will see a comprehensive collection of artefacts from all over Turkey, including the stunning Alexander Sarcophagus, a masterpiece of Hellenistic art that will set the tone for the rest of your trip.
Don't miss the chance to explore the Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque. The Hagia Sophia, with its colossal dome, was originally built as a Christian cathedral in the 6th century by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, a marvel of engineering that was the largest cathedral for over a thousand years. Its interior is a breathtaking fusion of Christian mosaics and Islamic calligraphy, a powerful symbol of the religious shifts in the region.
The Blue Mosque, formally the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, was constructed in the early 17th century to rival the grandeur of Hagia Sophia. Its six slender minarets and cascading domes dominate the Istanbul skyline, and its name comes from the tens of thousands of exquisite blue İznik tiles that adorn its interior walls.
Finally, descend into the mysterious and beautiful Basilica Cistern, an underground Roman reservoir commissioned by Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century. It is supported by 336 marble columns, many of which were recycled from earlier structures, including the two famous columns with bases carved in the form of Medusa heads. The serene atmosphere and soft lighting make this a truly unforgettable experience.
Your journey takes you to Western Anatolia, a region rich with Greco-Roman history. Your first stop is Ephesus, arguably the most well-preserved ancient city in the Mediterranean. As you walk down Curetes Street, you can almost hear the clamour of daily life from two millennia ago. The grand Celsus Library, a two-storey façade painstakingly reconstructed from original pieces, stands as a testament to Roman architectural genius. Built in honour of Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, a governor of Asia Minor, it once held nearly 12,000 scrolls. The colossal Grand Theatre could once hold over 24,000 spectators for performances and later, gladiatorial combats.
Nearby, you will find the single reconstructed column of the Temple of Artemis, once one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Though little remains, its history is immense; it was a pilgrimage site that drew worshippers from across the Mediterranean for centuries. A short journey from Ephesus is Hierapolis, an ancient spa city perched atop the famous "Cotton Castle" terraces of Pamukkale. This UNESCO World Heritage site is unique for its blend of natural beauty and ancient ruins. You can explore a vast Roman necropolis and a well-preserved theatre before taking a dip in the thermal waters of the Antique Pool, where you can swim among submerged Roman columns.
For those with more time and a deeper thirst for history, the Adventure Route expands on the classical one, taking you to some of the world's most significant archaeological sites. Beyond the popular hot-air balloon rides, Cappadocia is a geological and historical marvel. Here, you can descend into the Derinkuyu or Kaymaklı Underground Cities, vast multi-level complexes where early Christians once hid from persecution. These cities, carved entirely from rock, were complete with living quarters, stables, churches, and even wineries. The Göreme Open-Air Museum is a must-see, where you can explore a collection of rock-hewn churches adorned with stunning, well-preserved frescoes depicting scenes from the Bible.
The true highlight for any serious historian lies in Southeastern Anatolia. Here, you will find Göbekli Tepe, the world's oldest known temple and a discovery that has fundamentally reshaped our understanding of human civilisation. Dating back to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period, around 9500–8000 BCE, its monumental T-shaped pillars and intricate carvings of animals were erected by hunter-gatherers, a feat that challenges the long-held belief that monumental architecture was only possible after the development of agriculture and settled societies. The site offers a glimpse into a time before the wheel or pottery, where complex belief systems already existed.
Your final stop is Mount Nemrut, a remote and mystical site. You will hike to the summit to witness the colossal stone heads of King Antiochus I and various Greco-Persian gods, including Zeus-Oromasdes and Apollo-Mithras. The statues, once seated on immense bodies, have fallen over time, creating a haunting and powerful tableau, especially magical during sunrise or sunset.
While our routes cover the major highlights, Turkey has countless other historical gems. If time allows, consider visiting Troy, the legendary city of the Trojan War. The archaeological site, known as Hisarlik, reveals nine different layers of settlement spanning from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman period, allowing you to walk the land where Homer's epic is believed to have taken place.
The Acropolis of Pergamon, perched on a steep hill, was the capital of a powerful Hellenistic kingdom. Its impressive theatre, library, and the monumental Altar of Zeus showcase the city's wealth and influence. For those interested in ancient empires, a trip to Hattuşa, the capital of the Hittite Empire, is essential. The site's immense fortifications, ceremonial gates adorned with lion and sphinx carvings, and a vast collection of cuneiform tablets offer a deep insight into a major Bronze Age power that rivalled Egypt.
To make your Turkish archaeological adventure smooth and enjoyable, here are some practical tips to consider.
Ensure you secure the documentary requirements. The good news is that, for Indonesian citizens, a visa is not required for a short stay of up to 30 days. However, be sure your passport is valid for at least six months from your date of entry. Even though you don't need a visa, it's wise to carry supporting documents, such as your return flight ticket and proof of accommodation.
For your comfort, bring comfortable shoes, as you'll be doing a lot of walking on uneven ground, especially at archaeological sites. Wear modest clothing, especially when visiting places of worship like mosques. Women are advised to carry a scarf to cover their heads and shoulders. It is also customary to remove your shoes before entering a mosque.
The local currency is the Turkish Lira (TRY), and while credit cards are widely accepted in cities, it's a good idea to have some cash for smaller purchases at markets or in more rural areas. You can easily find ATMs throughout Turkey.
Regarding food, you'll be pleased to know that most traditional Turkish dishes are halal, with very little use of pork products. So, you can enjoy a wide range of dishes without worry. You must try authentic Doner kebab, Iskender kebab with its rich tomato sauce, and Adana kebab, a spicy minced lamb skewer. For a light meal, try Pide, a Turkish flatbread often topped with meat, vegetables, or cheese. Those with a sweet tooth will be satisfied with the famous flaky pastry Baklava and the chewy, sugary Turkish Delight (lokum). You can also enjoy freshly squeezed juices from street vendors.
Learning a few basic phrases in Turkish will also go a long way and is greatly appreciated by locals. Simple words like Merhaba (hello), Teşekkür ederim (thank you), and Lütfen (please) can enhance your interactions and show respect for the local culture.
A journey through Turkey's archaeological sites is not just about seeing ancient stones; it is about connecting with the human story on a profound level. It’s an opportunity to feel the weight of history and to appreciate the ingenuity and spirit of past civilisations. It is an adventure that will change your perspective and leave you with memories that will last a lifetime.
Renting a car for your trip provides not just mobility but an unparalleled opportunity to connect with the landscape and culture at a deeper level. With the freedom to choose your own itinerary, you can travel at your own pace, stopping whenever something catches your eye. This flexibility means you can explore less-travelled roads, visit quaint villages, and take in breathtaking views that might be overlooked when relying on public transportation. Picture yourself discovering a secluded beach or a rustic café tucked away in the hills, experiences that not only enhance your trip but also create lasting memories.
Moreover, driving gives you the chance to immerse yourself in the rich history of the region. You can plan visits to historical sites, museums, and landmarks that capture the essence of the area, all while allowing for spontaneous detours that bring you closer to the local culture. Whether it’s an ancient ruin or a significant battlefield, being behind the wheel enables you to reflect on the past as you traverse through time-worn landscapes. By crafting a personalised journey, you can tailor your exploration to your interests, ensuring your adventure is as unique as the places you visit. Book your car on Final Rentals today and begin your unforgettable adventure.
